Supreme Court at Calcutta (1774) and the Nand Kumar Case (1775): Beginning of the British Judicial System in India
The Supreme Court at Calcutta (1774) was the first superior court established by the British Crown in India under the Regulating Act of 1773. It introduced an independent judiciary, English common law, and professional judges into British India. However,…
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Warren Hastings (1772–1785): Administrative, Judicial and Revenue Reforms
Warren Hastings (1772–1785) was the first Governor-General of Bengal and is widely regarded as the architect of early British administration in India. During his tenure, he abolished the Dual Government, reorganized the revenue system, introduced the…
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Regulating Act 0f 1773 : The First Parliamentary Control over the East India Company
The Regulating Act 0f 1773 was the first major constitutional measure passed by the British Parliament to regulate the administration of the English East India Company in India. Enacted in response to corruption, administrative failures, the Great Bengal…
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Battle of Buxar (1764): Causes, Course, Consequences and the Establishment of British Supremacy
The Battle of Buxar (22 October 1764) was one of the most decisive events in the history of modern India. Fought between the English East India Company, led by Major Hector Munro, and the combined forces of Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daulah, and Shah Alam II,…
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Battle of Plassey (1757): The Beginning of British Political Supremacy in India
The Battle of Plassey (1757) marked the beginning of British political supremacy in India. Explore its causes, major events, conspiracy, military strategy, consequences, historical significance, historiography, and UPSC exam-oriented analysis in this…
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Anglo-French Rivalry in India: The Carnatic Wars (1746–1763): The Struggle for European Supremacy in India
Master the Anglo-French Rivalry in India and the Carnatic Wars (1746–1763) with exam-oriented notes covering the causes, course, and outcomes of the three Carnatic Wars. Learn about the roles of Dupleix, Robert Clive, Joseph François Dupleix, Count de…
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British East India Company: Foundation, Expansion and Early Settlements (1600–1757)
Discover the Foundation, Expansion, and Early Settlements of the British East India Company (1600–1757), from its royal charter by Queen Elizabeth I to the establishment of trading factories at Surat, Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta. Learn how the Company…
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European Trading Companies in India (1498–1765): Portuguese, Dutch, English and French
Learn about the European Trading Companies in India (1498–1765), including the Portuguese, Dutch, English, and French. Understand their arrival, trading activities, settlements, conflicts, and rivalry for supremacy in India, along with the factors that…
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Rise of Regional States in Eighteenth-Century India (1707–1765): Emergence, Administration and Historical Significance
Explore the Rise of Regional States in Eighteenth-Century India (1707–1765) and understand how the decline of the Mughal Empire led to the emergence of powerful regional kingdoms such as Bengal, Awadh, Hyderabad, Mysore, the Marathas, Sikhs, and Jats.…
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Balance of Payments (BoP) Explained | Current Account, CAD, FDI, Exchange Rate & Forex Reserves for UPSC
Learn the Balance of Payments (BoP) comprehensively for UPSC. Understand the Current Account, Capital and Financial Accounts, CAD, FDI, FPI, exchange rates, forex reserves, the 1991 BoP crisis, RBI's role, and contemporary external sector issues with…
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