Climate change remains one of the most pressing issues of the 21st century. This article dives deep into the Paris Agreement (COP21) and the recent COP29 Summit held in Baku, Azerbaijan, covering key outcomes, India’s role, and their significance for UPSC and JKAS exams.
📌 1. What is the Paris Agreement?
- Adopted: December 2015 (COP21, Paris)
- Came into Force: 4 November 2016
- Parties: 196 countries
Goal:
- Keep global average temperature rise well below 2°C, and pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
Key Elements:
- Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
- Climate Finance (Article 9)
- Carbon Market Mechanism (Article 6)
- Adaptation and Transparency Frameworks
🧭 2. India’s Commitments Under Paris Agreement
- Reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 33–35% by 2030 (from 2005 levels)
- Achieve 40% installed electricity capacity from non-fossil fuels
- Create an additional carbon sink of 2.5–3 billion tonnes via afforestation
- Leadership roles in International Solar Alliance (ISA) and LiFE Mission
📰 3. COP29: Held in Baku (Azerbaijan) | 11–22 November 2024
✅ Key Outcomes of COP29:
| 🔹 Area | 🔍 Outcome |
|---|---|
| Climate Finance | New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG): $300 billion/year by 2035, with a roadmap toward $1.3 trillion/year |
| Carbon Markets | Finalized Article 6.2 & 6.4 mechanisms for transparent carbon credit trading |
| Loss & Damage | Operationalization of the Loss & Damage Fund to aid vulnerable countries |
| Adaptation | Urged all countries to submit National Adaptation Plans by 2025 |
| Gender and Equity | Lima Work Programme extended by 10 years; gender action plan to be framed at COP30 |
| Global Stocktake | First ever Global Stocktake concluded; countries urged to raise ambition in 2025 NDCs |
📖 4. Relevance for UPSC & JKAS
📝 Prelims:
- Definitions: NDCs, NCQG, Article 6, Loss & Damage
- Facts: COP29 location (Baku), NCQG target, India’s NDCs, UNFCCC bodies
📚 Mains (GS-III: Environment):
- Sample Questions:
- “Discuss the significance of COP29 for climate finance and carbon market reforms.”
- “Critically evaluate the evolution from Kyoto Protocol to the Paris Agreement and its relevance to India.”
- Answer Structure Tip:
- Introduction: State Paris Agreement goals
- Body: Cover outcomes from COP29, their implications
- Conclusion: Evaluate progress + challenges, especially from India’s standpoint
🇮🇳 5. India’s Stand at COP29
- Advocated for equity and Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR)
- Demanded clear climate finance pathways for developing nations
- Sought operational and simplified carbon market mechanisms
- Pushed for consideration of lifestyle changes (Mission LiFE) as mitigation strategy
🔮 6. Way Forward to COP30 (Belém, Brazil – Nov 2025)
- Formal adoption of the Gender Action Plan
- Submission of updated NDCs by major emitters
- Progress toward methane emissions cuts, deforestation reversal
- Clarification of public vs private finance share in NCQG
📚 References:
- UNFCCC Official Reports
- Drishti IAS | Vision IAS | PMF IAS
- The Hindu | Indian Express | Down to Earth
- COP29 Summary Reports by UN & Media Outlets
🧠 Final Tip for Aspirants
- Keep revising climate frameworks (UNFCCC, Paris, Kyoto, COP outcomes) with timelines and India’s policy responses. This topic is highly probable for both Prelims and Mains!
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