🔰 Introduction – V.V. Giri’s 1969 resignation
The resignation of V.V. Giri as Vice-President of India in 1969 is more than a procedural event — it is a remarkable instance of constitutional propriety, political foresight, and ethical conduct. At a time when the Indian Republic was navigating political instability following the sudden demise of President Dr. Zakir Husain, Giri’s actions exemplified the principles enshrined in the Constitution — neutrality, dignity of office, and democratic values.
📜 Constitutional Basis: Article 67(a)
Article 67(a) of the Indian Constitution provides that:
“*The Vice-President may resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the President.*”
Since President Zakir Husain had passed away, the resignation was addressed to the Chief Justice of India, following constitutional conventions. This reflects the importance of constitutional propriety, even in the absence of rigid rules for such transitional circumstances.
📌 Why Giri’s Resignation is Constitutionally Important
1. Voluntary Resignation Without Constitutional Compulsion:
– The Constitution does not bar the Vice-President from contesting the Presidential election, nor does it require resignation.
– Yet, Giri voluntarily resigned, respecting the doctrine of neutrality in constitutional functioning.
2. Avoidance of Conflict of Interest:
– Giri was both Acting President and a Presidential candidate — an ethically sensitive situation.
– His resignation removed any doubts about misuse of office or influence over the electoral process.
3. Example of Constitutional Morality:
– In line with B.R. Ambedkar’s vision, where constitutional morality must guide the functioning of institutions.
– Reinforced the idea that public office is a public trust, not a personal entitlement.
🗳️ The 1969 Presidential Election and the Giri-Indira Alliance
The Congress party was in turmoil, divided between:
– The Syndicate (old guard) who supported Neelam Sanjiva Reddy.
– Indira Gandhi, who defied the party and encouraged a “vote of conscience” in favor of V.V. Giri.
Giri’s candidature was seen as a proxy battle between Indira and the Syndicate. His victory through cross-voting revealed:
– The eroding power of the party high command.
– The rise of personality-centric politics.
– The increasing assertiveness of Indira Gandhi as a mass leader.
⚖️ Ethical & Political Dimensions
Ethical: Resignation upheld the principle of impartiality. Giri prioritized institutional credibility over personal ambition.
Political: Altered the course of Indian politics. Led to a split in the Congress Party (1969), eventually resulting in the formation of Congress (I).
Legal-constitutional: Reinforced constitutional conventions not explicitly written — such as the need to maintain neutrality in electoral contests.
Democratic: Highlighted the role of individual conscience in elections, seen through Indira’s support for “free voting” by MPs and MLAs.
🔗 Linkage with UPSC GS Paper II Topics
– Structure, Functioning, Conduct of Business of Constitutional Bodies
– Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances
– Salient Features of the Indian Constitution
– Role of Ethics and Integrity in Public Life (GS Paper IV)
🧠 Conceptual Takeaways for UPSC Mains
– Resignation of V.V. Giri = Convergence of constitutional theory, moral judgment, and realpolitik.
– Shows how constitutional offices operate in political environments, but can still uphold dignity and neutrality.
– Reinforces how actions of individuals, even within a well-laid structure, can shape democratic norms.
– Demonstrates how internal party democracy, or the lack of it, can impact national politics.
📝 Model Answer Snippet – UPSC Mains GS II
Q. “The resignation of V.V. Giri from the Vice-Presidency in 1969 was an assertion of constitutional morality and democratic values.” Discuss.
Answer Framework:
– Intro: Brief background of Giri’s resignation amidst Presidential election.
– Constitutional and legal context: Article 67(a), acting President, conflict of interest.
– Ethical evaluation: Why voluntary resignation matters in a democracy.
– Political significance: Role in Congress party dynamics, Indira Gandhi’s emergence.
– Conclusion: Legacy of the event in Indian polity and its contemporary relevance.
🧾 Static + Dynamic Linkage for UPSC
Static Topic: Article 67(a), Article 65
Dynamic Correlation: Resignation procedures in constitutional offices
Static Topic: Role of Vice-President
Dynamic Correlation: Recent political debates around Vice-President’s neutrality
Static Topic: President-VP electoral processes
Dynamic Correlation: Election Commission reforms and neutrality discussions
Static Topic: Ethics in Public Office
Dynamic Correlation: Case studies for GS IV ethics paper
✅ Conclusion
V.V. Giri’s resignation in 1969 was a watershed moment in Indian political history, where a constitutional office-bearer placed the sanctity of the institution above personal ambition. It continues to inspire discussions on constitutional morality, ethics in public life, and the transformative power of democratic decisions. For UPSC aspirants, it offers both a case study in polity and a lesson in ethics.
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